Considerations from Dipl.Math. Ulrich Meyer, November 2013 To the main side:
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text:
Continuation of the
Considerations from Dipl.Math. Ulrich Meyer,
November 2013
To the main side:
To German
text:
Results
from recent scientific knowledge.
The
main basis of this article
is the book "The Grand Design" by Stephen Hawking.
By unclear technical terms you can click for more
information on the internet or you look for the words by Google or
YouTube.
By searching for an answer to the question
"Who is God?" we
need to look again, where we live. According to the current state of
knowledge our galaxy
(ancient Greek: γαλαξίας, galaxías‚ Milky
Way‘) has 300 billion sun systems. And
our universe is composed of 100 billion of such galaxies, i.e. our
universe
consists of 30 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (= 3 x 10²²)
sun systems. This is an incredible size and should be created after the
Big Bang theory from a single point. This is difficult to understand
and therefore wen eed
further explanation. Humanity has so far been able to explore only a
tiny part of our solar system through the moon
landings directly by humans. Other planets in our solar system have
been observed in detail by unmanned rocket flights which needed many
years. Other solar systems and galaxies were observed by ever better
telescopes and other
measuring instruments on earth or with the Hubble Space Telescope
from near
space to expand our scientific knowledge. And these observations go
more deep in the universe. On the other hand, by particle
accelerators, such as the CERN in Geneva, the
structure of our matter, ever explored. From this, always more exactly
conclusions of the Big
Bang theory were derived. This brings us to the
question of who started the Big Bang? Was this our Creator, our God?
Albert Einstein with Theory of relativity
(Comment [1])
found an explanation for the structure of our universe. This is a
four-dimensional space-time, the three dimensions of space and the time
as the fourth dimension, in which the space is curved. With
our traditional sense organs, such as our eyes, we cannot see such a
structure.
(See: "The
world is different, as we see it!"). Similarly is our exploration
to the microscopic direction. Our matter is composed of
atoms, which consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons where
electrons fly around
in the so-called orbitals. Consider a block of iron. Whose
surface is fixed and immovable rigid. Could
we now look to a point on this surface iron and we can come more and
more nearer to this point
until we can look to an individual iron atom, we would then see the
electrons whizzing around the nucleus. This is not rigid and
motionless, like the iron block appears to our eyes. Our
eyes can only see things that are larger than the wavelength of
visible light, since they cause a disturbance in a beam of light. The
consideration of the atom described above is not possible. With the
help of quantum mechanics, the science has developed a method to
explain phenomena which are observed at the atomic and
subatomic scale. One of the main postulates of quantum
mechanics is the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle. It says that you cannot see certain simultaneously
pairs of physical
properties, so you cannot determine at the same time the location and
the momentum, this means also the speed, of a particle. The
reasons for this is the wave nature of particles. The stay of an
elementary particle can be determined only in a probability region. In
the world of quantum mechanics there are phenomena which occur
to us as magic in our daily live. Thus, for example, an
elementary particle can be in two different
locations at the same time.
If we live like in the quantum world, we would
recognize other people and objects only in a kind of cloud. Thanks to
the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle, the traffic police could convict no more
drivers for speeding, since they cannot simultaneously locate a car and
determine its speed. It's
probably better that our life happens in our old familiar surroundings.
The science has with physical theories, especially with the theory of
relativity and quantum theory, looked back the
history of the Universe, that this must have arisen from a big bang of
a tiny point 13,7 billion years ago. This point is mathematically a
singularity, this means with infinite values. The
curvature of space in the Big Bang singularity would have by gravity
after the theory of relativity an
infinite value, which cannot calculated mathematically. Because of the
smallness of the Big Bang point there must also occur quantum
effects of the quantum theory. There
is only one problem that the theory of relativity and quantum theory
are different theories that are completely independent of each other
and have no common intersection points. There are no problem areas that
can be solved
simultaneously by the theory of relativity and quantum theory.
The problem of
incompatibility of relativity and quantum theory had also been shown in
the try, our four fundamental interactions of nature, the Weak
and Strong Interaction,
the Electromagnetism
and the Gravitation
bring together. The weak and the electromagnetic interaction
could be combined with a theory of Electroweak Interaction
1967 (of Abdus
Salam and Steven Weinberg). A conjunction with the strong interaction
give us the
so-called Standard Model. Thus, the
so-called nuclear
interactions (relative to the nucleus) were connected. However, it was
not possible to incorporate the gravity. This also
reflects the conflict between theory of relativity and quantum theory.
By the search for more
explanations about our universe, and especially the Big Bang,
scientists are therefore looking for a grand unified theory,
which included the previous theories such as theory of relativity and
quantum
theory as parts (See: "Who is God? Part 2"). With the
so-called String theory
it seems we have come closer to this purpose. The String theory states
that the elementary particles, which are the basic building blocks of
our universe, are no points but they are strings, which are
one-dimensional lines or threads that can swing. With this assumption
that we are made from swinging things, is not so easy to understand.
But the longer you work with string theory, the better
you can imagine this situation. Consider
also that, according to Einstein's formula E = mc² from the
special theory of relativity that matter is equal to a corresponding
energy that can be shown as a vibrating string. With the string
theory it has be shown that these strings can
exist mathematical stable only in a 10-dimensional space. There were
also various string theories which give different solutions to various
problems. If you also include the theory of gravitation with the
strings theories,
you need an 11-dimensional space for the string. This higher
dimensional space appears first difficult
to understand. But it is better to understand, because the other
dimensions besides the three
spatial dimensions and the time dimension are called small rolled-up
dimensions that we cannot see. These
rolled-up dimensions can be described mathematically and are called Calabi-Yau space or
Calabi-Yau manifold. A
rolled-up dimension one can explain himself by the following. When a
cable is
stretched between two trees, it appears from a distance as a
one-dimensional line. Each point of the line can be determined by the
distance from one of the two trees as a coordinate. Now,
if an ant would run on this line, for example, it could not only run
along the line but also around the cord. To determine the exact
location of an ant on the line you need then besides the distance from
one of the trees also a
value that determines the location of the ant around the cord. This
system then describes a
two-dimensional space of a large and a small rolled-up dimension. The
rolled-up dimensions in
string theories have a size of the Planck length, this means a size of
10 -35 m (Comment [2]), which
is unimaginably small and much smaller than atoms. This magnitude
cannot be understood by our sense organs. As I talk before, there are
in fact five different string theories that can
explain any part of the range of physical problems for themselves .The M-theory is now a summary of these five
string theories. It
is not a theory in the usual sense, but we have to imagine it
like the map representation of our earth. If one wants to represent our
earth on a single card,
such as in a Mercator projection, the magnitudes of areas at the poles
and the equator are distorted due to the spherical shape of the earth.
If you want represent our earth
with no distortion, you have to take more cards, where every map is
only an individual continent. All
cards together then give a truer picture of the earth. Thus, one must
also imagine the M-theory, that this five string theories cover all
physical situations in our life and can
explain them. Anyway,
this theory was able to predict many previously problematic physical
situations with correct values. With this M-theory, it is probably the
only way to connect the theory of relativity and quantum theory, and
thus to explain the Big Bang point so that it can be predicted with
finite values and specially with a finite gravitational value.
We want look now to a completely
empty room and we want do the same scenario as
described above with the iron block. When you look first to the empty
room we see nothing. If we go very nearer to a tiny spot like by the
iron block, we would suddenly see whirling
particles. This
is then again a phenomenon that totally contradicts our senses,
because the empty space suddenly is no longer empty. After the
Heisenberg uncertainty
principle there is no empty space possible. Because
in an empty room the value of a field is exactly zero and also
the rate of change of the field is zero, since the space is empty.
Because the uncertainty
principle does not allow an exact value of these two features
simultaneously, this situation cannot be. There must exist a
minimum of energy, which is then called a vacuum. This whirled
particles
described above are described as vacuum fluctuations.
According
to Einstein's equivalence equation of mass and energy E = mc² , energy can
be converted into mass. Suddenly pairs of particles (particles with
their antiparticles) occur into
existence in order to separate, where they "borrow" some energy from
the vacuum and they look around a little bit and then get
back together and with emission of the "borrowed" radiation energy to
annihilate, this is dissolving into nothingness. This process needs
only 10-21
seconds and it happens in a
small room of about 10 -10
cm. These particles are called virtual particles. They cannot be
observed directly in a particle detector. But
the influence of their energy effects to electron ways, this means,
they were detected.
In the vacuum due
to the vacuum fluctuation a so-called quantum foam is formed. From this
in a kind of crystallization point an agglomeration of particles is
formed.
By this way always spontaneous universes emerges in the "empty space",
but they develop differently depending on their initial conditions.
Stephen Hawking compares this process with the
formation of vapor bubbles in boiling water, which is very clear
description. This created
universes are multiverses, because so many universes. The most are very
small, microscopic small,
and they disappear
almost immediately. Some, however, are slightly larger and indeed so
large, that they cannot collapse more. The substance of these
universes is extremely compact. By this it
then comes to a so-called inflation, a huge
increase in a very short period of time with a very high temperature.
This inflation will be different by any of the further expanding
universes. Starting from the
initial conditions as different matter accumulation and speed of
growing and other factors after the emergence the different universes
have different developments. According
to M-theory, the mathematical possibilities for the formation of
the dimensions is indeed limited but to a very large number of up to 10500 options. By each of the
universes the choice
of the dimensions as how much are large or up-rolled decides by what
natural laws this universe is then determined. In
our universe is 11 up-rolled dimensions were formed, of which then some
have evolved to four large dimensions, three of space and one time
dimension. This means that our laws of nature and interactions of
nature were established, which our science have explored with the time
to explain our near and wider environment.
In our universe, inflation began after a micro short time after the
emergence as the earliest predictable date, the Planck-time,
this are 10 -43
seconds.
After 10 -39
seconds, the universe had a temperature of 100 billion billion billion
degrees Kelvin (10 29
K). For comparison, our sun has a
temperature of 5,800 K. The inflation increase would have an expansion
amount by a factor of 10 30
to 10 100
in a span of 10 -30
seconds. Stephen
Hawking like to illustrate the comparison of the enlargement with a 1
cent coin to 10 million times of the width of our Milky way in this
extremely
minimal period.
Hawking had shown by its
Hawking radiation
that the emitted particle pairs of vacuum fluctuation, for example at
the edge of black holes, do not necessarily destroy themselves
together.
By our inflation there was enough energy available due to the large
temperature, that the particles needed no longer to destroy each with
another and they were able
to convert to real particles. In 10 -6 seconds
after the Big Bang, the temperature had dropped to 10 K 13. There were
left then more unpaired particles such as Quarks and antiquarks. Here,
an initially low asymmetry must have got stronger that more quarks than
antiquarks were preserved, which in packs of three added together to protons and neutrons. Before
the first second the synthesis of the first atoms began. They were
formed to 75% hydrogen, 24% helium and a small amount of lithium.
Larger atoms were produced a few 100,000 years after the Big Bang after
further cooling, at core mergers exploding stars as
supernovas.
Here is a table of the time
after the Big Bang:
In the
inflation of our
universe, the matter should have normally expanded homogeneously and
uniformly. But we still receive by the so-called background radiation a
picture of our universe after the inflation during it is cooled. This
background radiation (This new map of the ESA)
is a weak microwave radiation of photons
as from 15 seconds after the start of the Big Bang, which we still see
today in our television sets as a snow noise, when there is no proper
channel with a stronger radiation is adjusted.
Here a linked image to Wikipedia:
Temperature fluctuations in the background radiation
received by the WMAP spacecraft (Mission 2001-2010)
This shows how we can get
more information from the past today. On an image (see above) of this
background radiation the
distribution of matter is not so homogeneous as assumed above. There
are areas with minimal
slightly higher and lower density of matter. This is again a
consequence
of vacuum fluctuations. With the further expansion of our universe, it
follows that in these matter condensations stars
could arise and also the galaxies.
In the exploration of our universe, there were different assumptions,
for the later development. It has become more and more extended in the
past, what has been measured. This could eventually come to
a stop and then remain constancy of the universe or it could contract
again, and eventually disappear. Today
it is believed that the universe is expanding steadily and more
rapidly. About a possible end we can still speculate.
With
the dimensions of the
Big Bang and thus the laws of nature with their physical constants of
our universe are set and this determines the further development. The
formation of stars and galaxies still needed some
time. Our milky way had been
formed with its center after 800 million years, and the outer flat disk
after 8 billion years. The
chemical elements, especially carbon, were formed, as we already have
said, after a few 100,000 years by collapsing and exploding stars and
then distributed into the space so that they could contribute to the
formation of new stars. Thus
matter is distributed in the universe over the time and the formation
and death of stars was running. Therefore,
we have, as described at the beginning, this huge number of solar
systems. The planets revolve around these suns in elliptical orbits. There are also binary stars, where
the planets fly in a roller coaster turns around the one and then the
second star. Our
earth circles around the sun in a very weak elliptical orbit, i.e. it
moves in a nearly circular orbit. Thus,
a condition was created, that life was able on our planet. Because we
have a fairly constant temperature on our
earth, whose height is determined by the distance to the sun. In
contrast, by an elliptical orbit there are large temperature
fluctuations, which is hostile to life. We have so very special
conditions on our earth that allow our life. Due to the chemical
elements, mainly hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, we have chemical
compounds that make
possible our life by the relatively constant temperature. There is
first water H2O, which is
liquid between 0 °C and 100 °C. Then the carbon can form solid
compounds, but in form of carbon dioxide CO2 it is a gas.
Together with the gases oxygen O2 and
nitrogen N2 these are the main ingredients of our atmosphere.
Finally, the size of our
earth and by this the force of attraction (gravitation) determines the
scale of the beings. These
are all important requirements which are necessary for our life as it
is created by evolution. Of course, now we can come to the question, if
there is more life in
our universe. Because on the one hand these special conditions of a
planet that
enable life do not have all together a great chance, but on the other
hand, there is this incredible large number of planets that the
occurrence of the same living conditions makes more likely. Therefore,
this is probably
not necessary to answer question at present. You can describe in any
case the development of our universe
from the Big Bang to the present state of the galaxies, solar systems
and earth as a kind of
cosmic evolution that has been going on 13.7 billion years.
We have therefore formed a
veritable evolution series:
1. The cosmic evolution
2. The evolution of life on Earth due to Darwin
3. The evolution of information to the Internet (See: "The
Internet, at the moment
the end of an information evolution" - (Comment [3]))
These merge into each other and thus form a continuous series.
Then there is an important fact to notice. The
energy of the universe can be determined and this is calculated to be
zero. The reason therefore is partly the fact that gravity is a
negative energy, because you need power to pull away a planet
from his star. This corresponds to the
energy conservation law, which must be true. And so has the
state before our big bang with zero
energy and the current energy content of the universe now with also
zero, the same energy values. A
more scientifically based argument for our explanations.
We have now created the basics to come to our results and to answer the question "Who is God?".
The answer
is: It may certainly be that a God exist, such as Karel
Gott (the singer), but there is no God as the creator of our universe
and the humanity.
So again in short: God does not
exist.
He is pure illusion. - (Comment [4])
Reasons: According to the above arguments, which are
scientifically justified, our universe arose spontaneously
among other universes out of nothing by the vacuum fluctuations, and
gave himself constantly evolving. After the Big Bang, the universe
gets by the given
possibilities of its initial conditions, such as the total mass and
velocity formed of expansion, one of the possible structures with the
large and up-rolled dimensions, and thus the natural laws and physical
constants of our universe were set. From these requirements then our
universe developed in
an incredible diversity so that there are multiple billion-fold
variations for solar systems. The
great mass of the universe with its many galaxies could be drawn
arbitrarily from nothing by the particle pair genesis. This matter is
partially converted to negative energy
such as gravity, so that in the end the overall energy balance of the
universe is equal to zero as at the beginning of the Big Bang and thus
the conservation of energy is affirmed. In this huge number of
possibilities of solar systems, then it was possible that such a planet
as our earth was created, which has the conditions that, in a process
of evolution, life can rise to what we have today. This could all run
independently without any external
influence, and without that we need a creator.
Our justification for the
non-existence of God based on scientific evidence and therefore has yet
another quality as the reasoning of Hans Küng, in his book "Does
God exist?", where
he wants to have proved the existence of God, because in the course of
mankind in all possible directions of philosophy man still
believes in God. This
is no proof, in contrast to the results listed above.
With the above reasoning also
stuff falls away, which causes some problems with a God as creator.
There is once the question,
if God is our creator, then who has created God? And this you could
continue like
a Russian matryoshka doll only with infinite output.
Furthermore, there is with a God as the creator the question, why this
creator, who should be
a good architect yet, has created such a huge universe to create life
on a tiny point as our earth. Such
a procedure would have to be rejected by the Green Party as
ecologically totally uneconomic today. So in my opinion this would be a
very lousy witness to this architect God. Logically reasonable is our
statement that this large selection of planets with their different
conditions provides a special planet like our earth which had the chance for the
emergence of life through the evolution.
The result of our
research is certainly that the religions do not like it, because
they are thus deprived of their existence virtually. They will
certainly come polemically with not solid
arguments against or result. But the past has shown yet again that
the Church had contradicted first the scientific evidence (see, e.g., Galileo
Galilei), but
most then they had to reluctantly accept the results (See: "Who
is God? Part 1 - 6. Conclusion").
In the end,
the M-theory, which still needs some for further research, will one day
have the same status as the theory of relativity, i.e. it will be
recognized as totally true theory to describe our nature. Then it
becomes difficult for religions. For example, the churches will be
dealing with compensation claims,
because the people will feel cheated with a false truth of a God who
does not
exist, and they may reclaim their church tax.
PS: If you
want to delve deeper into the
issues listed, I recommend to read the book "The Grand Design" by
Stephen Hawking himself. This more
fundamental arguments are still listed on the facts, which could not
all be listed here in the shortness.
[1] :
The relativity theory in practice:
Our navigation devices operate with the GPS satellite system. This
results for locating a point on the earth in an accuracy of about 10 m.
We get this, because the calculation of the coordinates by the system
is computed including the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein. If
this is neglected and the calculation is performed only by the
classical Newtonian mechanics, then localization errors of about 10 km
would occur. This is a current practical proof that the theory of
relativity is correct.
Here is a article for this: Real-World Relativity: The GPS Navigation System
[back]
[2] : This is:
0,00000000000000000000000000000000001 m.
[back]
[3] : My prediction in the article, "The Internet, at the moment the end of an information evolution"
of 2008 with the improved supply of internet via mobile phone has now
get true through the development and proliferation of
smartphones. [back]
[4] : What Albert Einstein thought about that? Here's a translated quote: "What do you read about my religious convictions, of course, is a lie, one that is repeated systematically. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never concealed that too, but always clearly expressed. When in me is something that could be described as religious, then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it." [back]